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Conservation of marine ecosystems

Conservation and rational use of oceans, seas and marine resources in development research.

Oceans cover three quarters of the Earth’s surface, contain 97 percent of the Earth’s water, and make up 99 percent of the planet’s living space by volume.

The livelihoods of more than three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity.

Globally, the market value of marine and coastal resources and industries is estimated at 3 trillion US dollars per year, or about 5 percent of global GDP.

Oceans contain nearly 200,000 identified species, but the actual numbers may reach into the millions.

Oceans absorb about 30 percent of the carbon dioxide produced by humans, helping to mitigate the effects of global warming.

Oceans are the world’s largest source of protein, with more than 3 billion people depending on them as their primary source of protein.

Marine fisheries directly or indirectly employ more than 200 million people.

Fisheries subsidies contribute to the rapid depletion of many fish species and undermine efforts to conserve and restore global fish stocks and create related jobs, resulting in the ocean fishing industry losing 50 billion US dollars annually.

Current levels of ocean acidification have increased by 26 percent since the beginning of the industrial revolution.

Observed global trends show continuing deterioration of coastal waters due to pollution and eutrophication (the presence of excessive nutrients in the water, often as a result of land-based wastewater entering the marine environment, which leads to rapid plant growth and the death of animals due to oxygen depletion). If no action is taken, the level of eutrophication will increase by 20 percent by 2050.

14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution.

14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans.

14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels.

14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices, and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics.

14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 percent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information.

14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiations.

14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism.

14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries.

14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets.

14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as noted in paragraph 158 of “The Future We Want.”

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