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Low cost and clean energy

Providing access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern sources of energy for everyone.

In 2023, global access to electricity reached about 92 percent, yet around 666 million people still live without electricity. The greatest access gap remains in Sub-Saharan Africa.

More than 2 billion people worldwide, mostly in rural areas, still rely on traditional polluting fuels for cooking and heating. Transitioning to clean fuels and modern cooking technologies is vital for protecting human health and reducing climate impacts.

Indoor air pollution, caused by incomplete combustion of fuels used for cooking and heating, leads to more than 3 million premature deaths each year. This problem deepens gender and regional inequalities, with women and children being the most affected.

Energy is a key driver of climate change, as emissions from energy use make up a significant share of global greenhouse gas emissions. Decarbonization and the large-scale shift to renewable energy are therefore the main pathways to achieving climate goals.

In 2023, renewable energy supplies continued to grow, with solar, wind and other technologies showing steady annual expansion. At COP28, more than 130 countries agreed to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030, providing a powerful boost to global decarbonization.

7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services.

7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.

7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency.

7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technologies.

7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective support programmes.

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