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Reducing inequality

Reducing inequality within and between countries.

In 2016, more than 64.4% of products exported by least developed countries to global markets were subject to zero tariffs, which is 20% more than in 2010.

Data from developing countries show that children from the poorest quintile are still three times less likely to survive to age five than children from the richest quintile.

Worldwide, social protection programs have been significantly expanded, yet people with disabilities are five times more likely than average to face extremely high out-of-pocket health expenses.

Despite an overall decline in maternal mortality in most developing countries, women in rural areas are still three times more likely to die in childbirth than women living in urban centers.

Up to 30% of income inequality is driven by inequality within households, including between men and women. Women are also more likely than men to live on less than 50% of the average income.

Currently, in more than half of countries (out of 124 with available data), the incomes of the bottom 40% of the population are growing faster than those of the average population, yet in Central and Southern Asia only 30% of countries show this trend, while in North America and Europe it is 78%.

Discrimination is on the rise: on average, 1 in 5 people globally (20%) experience discrimination, and in least developed countries this rises to 24.3%. Women face discrimination twice as often, persons with disabilities in 28% of cases, and the poorest 17.3% (compared to 10.3% among the wealthiest).

Regarding the share of labor in GDP — it is decreasing: from 52.9% in 2015 to 52.3% in 2024, with this decline seen in most regions (largest in SIDS, LLDCs, and Latin America), except for Central and Southern Asia (which show growth) and minimal growth in LDCs.

The number of refugees reached a record 37.8 million by mid-2024, with two-thirds coming from just four source countries: Afghanistan, Syria, Ukraine, and Venezuela, which significantly increases humanitarian pressure.

Regarding duty-free market access (zero tariffs): the share of exports from least developed countries entering global markets duty-free increased slightly — from 66% in 2017 to 67.4% in 2018.

10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average.

10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion, economic or other status.

10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard.

10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality.

10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations.

10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions.

10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies.

10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements.

10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes.

10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent.

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